Italy is preparing to reenter the nuclear energy sector with a finalized plan set to be completed by 2027, according to recent statements from the Italian government. This decision marks a significant shift in the country’s energy strategy, especially given its complex history with nuclear power.

Nuclear energy in Italy dates back to the 1960s when the country was one of Europe’s leaders in nuclear technology. By the early 1980s, Italy operated four nuclear power plants, contributing significantly to its energy production. However, this trajectory was abruptly halted following the Chernobyl disaster in 1986. The devastating accident heightened public fears about nuclear safety worldwide and particularly influenced Italy’s energy policies.

In 1987, a year after Chernobyl, Italy held a national referendum that resulted in the rejection of nuclear power. The referendum, driven by strong public and political opposition, effectively led to the closure of all operational nuclear plants and banned the construction of new ones. By 1990, the country had fully phased out its nuclear energy capabilities. Italy became heavily reliant on imported energy, particularly natural gas, to meet its electricity demands.

Over the decades, debates about reviving nuclear energy have periodically resurfaced, often driven by concerns over energy security, rising costs of imported fuel, and climate change mitigation. A 2009 attempt by the government to reintroduce nuclear power was abandoned after the Fukushima disaster in 2011 reignited safety concerns and reinforced public skepticism.

Now, with the energy landscape evolving rapidly and the urgency to transition to low-carbon energy sources growing, Italy is reconsidering nuclear power as part of its future energy mix. The government’s latest proposal aims to integrate advanced nuclear technologies, including small modular reactors (SMRs), which promise enhanced safety and efficiency compared to older designs.

Proponents of the plan argue that nuclear energy is essential for achieving Italy’s net-zero emissions goals and reducing dependence on imported energy, particularly in light of geopolitical uncertainties. Critics, however, remain cautious, citing unresolved issues such as nuclear waste management and high investment costs.

As Italy works to finalize its nuclear roadmap by 2027, the decision represents not only a technological challenge but also a test of public opinion and political will. The legacy of the 1987 referendum continues to cast a long shadow, but the global push for clean energy may provide the impetus for a nuclear renaissance in Italy.