In an era dominated by GPS and digital navigation, it’s difficult to imagine a world where long-distance travel was possible without modern maps. Yet, the Romans, masters of engineering and logistics, managed to build and maintain a sprawling empire spanning Europe, North Africa, and parts of Asia, all without the convenience of scaled, geographically accurate maps. Instead, they relied on innovative solutions that combined practical tools, textual guides, and human knowledge.

Instead of relying on maps that represented geographical distances with accuracy, the Romans used textual guides called itineraria, documents that listed towns, cities, landmarks, and distances along specific routes, and functioned as practical travel tools rather than abstract geographical representations. The itineraria provided step-by-step instructions, enabling travelers to plan their journeys efficiently.